Brazil possesses abundant new energy resources such as solar energy, wind energy, and biomass energy, and is at the forefront of the world in the development and utilization of new energy, becoming a pioneer in energy transition and low-carbon development. Renewable energy accounts for nearly half of Brazil’s primary energy consumption, with the share in the power sector exceeding 75%. Brazil has achieved its carbon peak and is still actively promoting carbon and emission further reduction and the development of new energy. Brazil’s onshore wind power technology and market are mature, and the potential for offshore wind power is enormous, but it has not yet been commercially developed. Solar photovoltaic growth is rapid, and distributed photovoltaics has become mainstream. Biomass energy production and technology are world-leading and undergoing upgrades. The prospects for the hydrogen energy industry are broad, and it will develop in coordination with offshore wind power. Brazil is actively promoting new energy policies and the concept of green and low-carbon development in various sectors, with green development of offshore oil fields emerging as a new benchmark for low-carbon development in the deep-water oil and gas industry. Deep-water oil fields are concentrated in the southeastern seas of Brazil, featuring vast reserves and production scales. They are primarily developed using the FPSO+subsea production system method. This development approach incorporates the separation and reinjection of associated CO2 through CCUS-EOR, fully utilizing the matured WAG technique during the process. Additionally, there is active ongoing research and development in new technologies and equipment, such as AMS, CMS, and HISEP. Carbon emissions during FPSO operations are primarily reduced by replacing diesel with natural gas and enhancing fuel gas efficiency. At the same time, Brazil is also actively developing new energy sources such as offshore wind power, while simultaneously digitalizing and enhancing the intelligence of the oil fields. These efforts aim to achieve the electrification and decarbonization of deep-water oil fields.

Under the carbon neutrality goal, energy transition has become a global consensus. As traditional oil and gas operations face increasing pressure, international oil companies are intensifying their efforts towards low-carbon and zero-carbon initiatives, advancing towards green and low-carbon enterprises. To align with the global energy transition trend, CNPC’s overseas operations need to actively adapt to new circumstances, seize opportunities in the green transition, accelerate its pace, and adjust its business layout. This article has reviewed and analyzed the new energy resource endowments and development policies of CNPC’s five major overseas cooperation zones, and has proposed differentiated new energy development strategies for overseas cooperation zones according to local conditions and category-based policies, providing support and reference for the development of overseas new energy business.

2.Over the past decade, China’s refined oil market has experienced considerable growth and fluctuations. Gasoline consumption has generally followed the growth rate of vehicle equipment, with fluctuations influenced by travel frequency; aviation fuel consumption has seen stable growth following the end of COVID-19, while diesel consumption has been affected by multiple factors including demand and policy. With the rapid development of new energy vehicles and alternative fuels, the gasoline and diesel market has essentially peaked, yet domestic production of refined oil continues to grow, leading to an increasingly prominent oversupply issue. To achieve the dual carbon goals, the Chinese government has introduced a series of policies that have a profound impact on the refined oil market. Facing resource surplus and market demand changes, the refining industry needs to optimize production capacity structure, and oil products retail companies face transformation pressure. The article aims to provide market analysis and recommendations, serving as a reference for relevant enterprises and policymakers.

China has rich deep shale gas resources, which will be an important source for an increase in China’s natural gas production in a certain period in the future. Realizing its large-scale efficient development is of strategic importance in ensuring national energy security. This article analyses and summarizes the opportunities and challenges in China’s scale economy development of shale gas. Opportunities: China’s natural gas market has immense potential, and the prospects for shale gas development are broad; the national and local governments value and support the exploration and development of shale gas; there is a rich resource base that allows for rapid production increase and stable output of deep shale gas; technological advancements will accelerate the pace of scale economy development of deep gas resources. Challenges: The exploration and development of deep shale gas are more difficult than that of shallow shale gas; exploration and development costs are high, making it difficult to reduce costs and increase efficiency; there is a long way to go in efficiently utilizing shale gas data assets; coordination between enterprises and localities faces new challenges. The conclusion asserts that it is essential to adhere to principles such as top-level design, market operation, and mutual benefit, and to optimize and enhance the measures for the scale economy development of deep shale gas in China: continuously improve the cooperative model of shared risks and benefits to maximize synergistic effects; strengthen technological research and advance scientific and technological leadership; deepen collaboration between enterprises and localities to promote synergistic development; accelerate the cultivation of natural gas utilization industry clusters and promote the local use of shale gas; actively seek governmental support for the industry and continuously optimize the policy environment.

The deduction of energy consumption for raw materials and non-fossil energy in the calculation of energy intensity involves a simple change that will have direct and profound impacts. This paper reviews the historical context and current status of China’s energy intensity control strategies, dissects the rationale for recent adjustments in energy intensity calculation methodologies, and examines policy changes from the perspectives of actively responding to internal and external challenges to promote energy transition, coordinating development and emissions reduction based on China’s energy resource endowment, and transforming energy intensity control as a driving force for accelerating the development of strategic emerging industries and high-quality growth. Furthermore, the paper projects future trends in energy intensity control strategies and their impacts, suggesting that China’s approach will hasten its shift towards “dual control of carbon emissions”, expanding economic development space while reducing fossil fuel consumption on one hand and vigorously developing non-fossil energy sources like wind and solar power on the other. Finally, suggestions for improving energy intensity control strategies are proposed, including expediting the establishment of a unified and standardized carbon emissions statistical accounting system, vigorously advancing the construction of carbon markets, and steadfastly promoting technological innovation.

This article discusses the design features of pipes in thermal insulation used in the construction of main and field pipelines in Arctic conditions. The defects that occur during the production, transportation and storage of pipes are given. Recommendations for repair or prevention of defects are given. The information may be useful to Chinese manufacturers and transport companies in order to ensure the possibility of supplying pipes to construction sites in Arctic conditions.